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<title>Transactivation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transactivation</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>In the context of gene regulation: <b>transactivation</b> is the increased rate of <a href="Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> triggered either by biological processes or by artificial means, through the expression of an intermediate transactivator protein.

</p><p>In the context of receptor signaling, <b>transactivation</b> occurs when one or more receptors activate yet another;<sup id="cite_ref-Receptor_transactivation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Receptor_transactivation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DA_receptor_2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA_receptor_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receptor transactivation may result from the <a href="Crosstalk_(biology)" title="Crosstalk (biology)">crosstalk</a> of <a href="Signaling_cascade" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling cascade">signaling cascades</a> or the activation of <a href="GPCR_oligomer" title="GPCR oligomer">G protein–coupled receptor hetero-oligomer</a> subunits, among other mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Receptor_transactivation_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Receptor_transactivation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_transactivation">Natural transactivation</h2></div>

<p>Transactivation can be triggered either by endogenous cellular or viral proteins, also called <b>transactivators</b>. These protein factors <a href="Trans_acting" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans acting">act in trans</a> (<i>i.e.</i>, <a href="Intermolecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermolecular">intermolecularly</a>). <a href="HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> and <a href="HTLV" class="mw-redirect" title="HTLV">HTLV</a> are just two of the many viruses that encode transactivators to enhance viral gene expression. These transactivators can also be linked to cancer if they start interacting with, and increasing expression of, a cellular <a href="Proto-oncogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-oncogene">proto-oncogene</a>. HTLV, for instance, has been associated with causing <a href="Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> primarily through this process. Its transactivator, <a href="Tax_gene_product" title="Tax gene product"><i>Tax</i></a><i>,</i> can interact with <a href="P40_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="P40 gene">p40</a>, inducing overexpression of <a href="Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">interleukin 2</a>, <a href="Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">interleukin receptors</a>, <a href="GM-CSF" class="mw-redirect" title="GM-CSF">GM-CSF</a> and the <a href="Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> <a href="C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a>. HTLV infects <a href="T-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="T-cell">T-cells</a> and via the increased expression of these stimulatory <a href="Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a> and <a href="Transcription_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription factors">transcription factors</a>, leads to uncontrolled proliferation of T-cells and hence <a href="Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_transactivation">Artificial transactivation</h2></div>

<p>Artificial transactivation of a gene is achieved by inserting it into the genome at the appropriate area as transactivator gene adjoined to special promoter regions of <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. The transactivator gene <a href="Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expresses</a> a transcription factor that binds to specific promoter region of DNA. By binding to the <a href="Promoter_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter region">promoter region</a> of a gene, the transcription factor causes that gene to be expressed. The expression of one transactivator gene can activate multiple genes, as long as they have the same, specific promoter region attached. Because the expression of the transactivator gene can be controlled, transactivation can be used to turn genes on and off. If this specific promoter region is also attached to a <a href="Reporter_gene" title="Reporter gene">reporter gene</a>, we can measure when the transactivator is being expressed.

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<ul><li><a href="Transrepression" title="Transrepression">Transrepression</a></li>

<li><a href="Selective_glucocorticoid_receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist">Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0035624">"receptor transactivation"</a>. <i>EMBL</i>. GO Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-DA_receptor_2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DA_receptor_2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieuEspinozaGainetdinov2015" class="citation journal cs1">Beaulieu JM, Espinoza S, Gainetdinov RR (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4280963">"Dopamine receptors - IUPHAR Review 13"</a>. <i>Br. J. Pharmacol</i>. <b>172</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbph.12906">10.1111/bph.12906</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4280963">4280963</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25671228">25671228</a>. <q>For instance, there are indications that both D1 and D2 receptors can trans-activate the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor in neurons (Swift et al., 2011). These two dopamine receptors can also regulate calcium channels through a direct protein–protein interaction in vivo (Kisilevsky and Zamponi, 2008; Kisilevsky et al., 2008). Direct interaction of D1 and D2 receptors and Na+-K+-ATPase has also been demonstrated (Hazelwood et al., 2008; Blom et al., 2012).</q></cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Transactivators">Transactivators</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Transactivation&oldid=1299337787">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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